Also known as modern European countries, graveyard, European, other nations.
Europe first appears as Miusov's measure of progress during the debate in Father Zossima's cell. He thinks of himself as having stood in the front ranks of progressive Europe, only to find the younger generation ignoring him. In the Church and State argument, Europe also becomes the modern contrast against which Russian religious hopes are defined.
V-III. The Brothers Make Friends
Ivan tells Alyosha that he wants to travel in Europe even while calling it a precious graveyard, a place of dead stones filled with past passion, struggle, and thought.
VI-III. Conversations And Exhortations Of Father Zossima
Zossima's teaching uses Europe as an example of justice severed from Christ, where freedom, envy, and unrest threaten to turn into bloodshed.
XI-VII. The Second Visit To Smerdyakov
Smerdyakov imagines French as an opening toward a more educated life abroad, making Europe part of his fantasy of escape from the servant's place.
XII-VI. The Prosecutor’s Speech. Sketches Of Character
At the trial, Europe becomes a contrasting sphere in arguments about modern ideas, Russian family disorder, and intellectual fashion.
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